MAN(1) (NAME) man - (SYNOPSIS) man [ man] [[] ...] ... man -k [ apropos] _ ... man -K [ man] [] ... man -f [whatis ] ... man -l [ man] ... man -w|-W [ man] ... (DESCRIPTION) man . page man . . section man section . sections ( DEFAULTS) page page section . section . 1 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 ( /dev ) 5 /etc/passwd 6 7 ( ) man(7) groff(7) man-pages(7) 8 ( root) 9 [ ] . NAME SYNOPSIS CONFIGURATION DESCRIPTION OPTIONS EXIT STATUS RETURN VALUE ERRORS ENVIRONMENT FILES VERSIONS STANDARDS NOTES BUGS EXAMPLE AUTHORS SEE ALSO. SYNOPSIS . . . [-abc] [ ] . -a|-b | . ... . [] ... [ ] . . man . . SYNOPSIS . (EXAMPLES) man ls () ls. man man.7 man 7. ( "man 7 man" .) man 'man(7)' man 7. ( "man 7 man" . . .) man -a intro intro . . man -t bash | lpr -Pps bash troff groff ps. groff PostScript . man --help -t . man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi nroff ./foo.1x.gz device independent (dvi) . -T stdout . xdvi dvips PostScript . man -k printf printf . . apropos printf. man -f smail smail . whatis smail. (OVERVIEW) man . . man . $MANOPT ( ). man $MANOPT . . $MANOPT, -D . man $MANOPT <<>> . nroff(1) /usr/share/man . cat pages . manpath(5) . locale . $LC_MESSAGES, $LANG, (locale) POSIX : [_[.[,]]] locale ( ) . . . . . (DEFAULTS) $MANSECT SECTION /etc/man_db.conf . : 1 1p n l 8 3 3p 0 0p 2 3type 5 4 9 6 7 pager . ( -P ). . -p $MANROFFSEQ . -p nroff . : '\" string -p . . (nroff [tg]roff -t) . mandb_nfmt ( mandb_tfmt -t) man . -T -E . (OPTIONS) $MANOPT . . -C file, --config-file=file ~/.manpath. -d, --debug . -D, --default man . $MANOPT . -D . --warnings[=warnings] groff. . warnings "mac" . groff "!" : --warnings=mac,!break "mac" "break" . "Warnings" info groff . -f, --whatis whatis. . whatis(1) . -k, --apropos apropos . . apropos(1) . -K, --global-apropos . (brute-force) . ( ) --regex . "\-" . . -l, --local-file <<>> (local). . nroff . cat . '-' stdin . "/" man . -w, --where, --path, --location nroff . -a . -W, --where-cat, --location-cat cat . -a cat . -w -W cat . -w -W -a . -c, --catman catman . -R encoding, --recode=encoding encoding . manconv(1) . . man-recode(1) . -L locale, --locale=locale man C setlocale(3) $LC_MESSAGES $LANG. locale man . . . -m system[,...], --systems=system[,...] . NewOS : -m NewOS. system . man . $SYSTEM . -M path, --manpath=path manpath . man manpath . $MANPATH -m . manpath man-db ( "The manual page system") . -l . -S list, -s list, --sections=list list . $MANSECT . ( -s System V .) -e sub-extension, --extension=sub-extension Tcl . exit(3), Tcl l. <<>> exit(3tcl). man exit(3) exit(3tcl). man sub-extension . -e tcl man *tcl. -i, --ignore-case . . -I, --match-case . --regex page apropos(1). <<>> -a. --wildcard page apropos(1) --wildcard. page . <<>> : -a. --names-only --regex --wildcard whatis(1). . -a, --all man . man . -u, --update man . mandb(8) . --no-subpages man . . : $ man -aw git diff /usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz --no-subpages . $ man -aw --no-subpages git diff /usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz /usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz /usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz -P pager, --pager=pager . man less less cat . $MANPAGER $PAGER . -f -k . ( ) . (pipes) (wrapper script) . -r prompt, --prompt=prompt less man (prompt) . : Manual page name(sec) line x name sec x . $LESS . -r . $MAN_PN <<(>> <<)>> . : \ Manual\ page\ \$MAN_PN\ ?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.: byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ (END):?pB\ %pB\\%.. (press h for help or q to quit) . less(1) . . (back-quotes) (escaped). $ less . man -ix8 . $MANLESS . -7, --ascii ascii(7) latin1(7) GNU nroff . ascii latin1 ascii . latin1 . : latin1(7) GNU nroff . latin1 ascii ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 255 - - ( ) 267 o o 264 ' ' 327 x x latin1 latin1 . latin1 ascii man latin1 . latin1 . -t -H -T -Z nroff GNU . -E encoding, --encoding=encoding . encoding nroff ascii latin1 utf8 UTF-8 . --no-hyphenation, --nh nroff . . nroff nroff "\%" "\%" . --no-justification, --nj nroff . <<>> (ragged-right) . nroff nroff ".na" ".nf" ".fi" ".ad" . -p string, --preprocessor=string nroff troff/groff . . : eqn (e) grap (g) pic (p) tbl (t) vgrind (v) refer (r). $MANROFFSEQ . zsoelim . -t, --troff groff -mandoc stdout . -H -T -Z . -T[device], --troff-device[=device] groff ( troff) . -t . ( 1.23.0 groff) : dvi latin1 pdf ps utf8 X75 X100. -H[browser], --html[=browser] groff HTML . browser ( ) $BROWSER ( lynx). -t GNU troff . -X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi] groff gxditview . dpi ( ) 75 75-12 100 100-12 75 -12 12 . -T X75 X75-12 X100 X100-12 . -Z, --ditroff groff troff . groff -mandoc groff groff . -t . -?, --help . --usage . -V, --version . (EXIT CODES) 0 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 16 // . (ENVIRONMENT) MANPATH $MANPATH . SEARCH PATH manpath(5) . MANROFFOPT man (nroff troff groff) $MANROFFOPT . MANROFFOPT=-P-i ( ) . MANROFFSEQ $MANROFFSEQ . . MANSECT $MANSECT . "1 1p n l 8 3 3p 0 0p 2 3type 5 4 9 6 7" SECTION /etc/man_db.conf . MANPAGER, PAGER $MANPAGER $PAGER ($MANPAGER ) . less less cat . ( ) . (pipes) (wrapper script) . MANLESS $MANLESS less -r ( $MAN_PN ). "my prompt string" $MANLESS `-Psmy prompt string'. -r . BROWSER $BROWSER (:) man --html. %s HTML groff, %% (%) %c (:) . SYSTEM $SYSTEM -m . MANOPT $MANOPT man's . man $MANOPT . : . MANWIDTH $MANWIDTH . ( $COLUMNS ioctl(2) ). cat . MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING ( ) . $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING . man . MAN_KEEP_STDERR ( ) . groff . $MAN_KEEP_STDERR . MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP man seccomp(2) . . $MAN_DISABLE_SECCOMP . PIPELINE_DEBUG $PIPELINE_DEBUG "1" man . LANG, LC_MESSAGES $LANG $LC_MESSAGES . man ( ) . setlocale(3) . (FILES) /etc/man_db.conf man-db. /usr/share/man . (STANDARDS) POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, POSIX.1-2017. (SEE ALSO) apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1), whatis(1), zsoelim(1), manpath(5), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8) info(1) HTML . (HISTORY) 1990, 1991 - John W. Eaton (jwe@che.utexas.edu) . 23 1992: Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) Willem Kasdorp (wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl) . 30 1994 - 23 2000: Wilf. (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk) . 30 1996 - 30 2001: Fabrizio Polacco Debian . 31 2001 - : Colin Watson man-db . (BUGS) https://gitlab.com/man-db/man-db/-/issues https://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?group=man-db 2.13.1 2025-05-02 MAN(1)